Multi-directional Dynamic Mechanical Impedance of the Human Ankle; A Key to Anthropomorphism in Lower Extremity Assistive Robots

The mechanical impedance of the human ankle plays a central role in lower-extremity functions requiring physical interaction with the environment. Recent efforts in the design of lower-extremity assistive robots have focused on the sagittal plane; however, the human ankle functions in both sagittal and frontal planes. While prior work has addressed ankle mechanical impedance in single degrees of freedom, here we report on a method to estimate multi-variable human ankle mechanical impedance and especially the coupling between degrees of freedom. A wearable therapeutic robot was employed to apply torque perturbations simultaneously in the sagittal and frontal planes and record the resulting ankle M. Rastgaar ( ) • E. Ficanha Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 815 MEEM Building, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, USA e-mail: [email protected] H. Lee Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA P. Ho Parian Logistics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA H.I. Krebs Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA N. Hogan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA P. Artemiadis (ed.), Neuro-Robotics: From Brain Machine Interfaces to Rehabilitation Robotics, Trends in Augmentation of Human Performance 2, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8932-5__6, © Springer ScienceCBusiness Media Dordrecht 2014 157 158 M. Rastgaar et al. motions. Standard stochastic system identification procedures were adapted to compensate for the robot dynamics and derive a linear time-invariant estimate of mechanical impedance. Applied to seated, young unimpaired human subjects, the method yielded coherences close to unity up to and beyond 50 Hz, indicating the validity of linear models, at least under the conditions of these experiments. Remarkably, the coupling between dorsi-flexion/plantar-flexion and inversion/eversion was negligible. This was observed despite strong biomechanical coupling between degrees of freedom due to musculo-skeletal kinematics and suggests compensation by the neuromuscular system. The results suggest that the state-of-the-art in lower extremity assistive robots may advance by incorporating design features that mimic the multidirectional mechanical impedance of the ankle in both sagittal and frontal planes.